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This review focuses on the components of vectorial capacity, providing an update on the current understanding of how selected aspects of mosquito biology, such as longevity, feeding behaviour, oviposition habits, and nutrition of adult and immature stages, impact flavivirus transmission cycles and human disease. The influence of extrinsic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, seasonal and multiyear weather patterns, and human behaviour that affects mosquito biology, and flavivirus transmission, is explored. Mechanisms of flaviviral perpetuation over adverse seasons and years are addressed. The review also discusses vector competence, recent advances in mosquito genetics, and vector control as they relate to flavivirus transmission and human health.