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High-throughput printing of functional materials in planar and three-dimensional motifs would enable numerous applications, including autonomic materials with embedded microvascularization,[1, 2] 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering [3] and cell culture,[4, 5] lightweight structural composites,[6–9] and printed electronics.[10, 11] To date, direct laser [12, 13] and ink-writing methods [14, 15] have been primarily used to produce small components (< 1 cm 3 in volume), because lengthy fabrication times prohibit construction of larger structures. Yet, to transition 3D printing successfully from a prototyping to a true manufacturing platform, significant improvements in throughput are needed, particularly for applications requiring large form factors.

Recent efforts have focused on incorporating parallelization schemes into traditionally serial patterning techniques. Inkjet printing utilizes silicon-based parallel microfluidic printheads to eject multiple simultaneous microscale ink droplets.[16] Massively parallel variants of dip-pen nanolithography, such as polymer pen lithography and hard-tip, soft-spring lithography, use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or silicon multitip arrays to deposit low-viscosity functional inks on a substrate to yield 2D nanoscale patterns.[17, 18] Parallel electrospinning simultaneously deposits multiple nanofibers onto a substrate from addressable nozzles.[19, 20] Projection micro-stereolithography enables 3D fabrication via a digital micromirror dynamic mask, which selectively polymerizes voxels in parallel.[21] However, each of these droplet-, filament-, or layer-based techniques is fundamentally limited to low viscosity inks, dilute precursor …