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Energy consumption is a major sustainability focus in the metal cutting industry. As a result, process planning is increasingly concerned with reducing energy consumption in machine tools. The relevant literature has been categorized into two research areas. The first includes energy prediction models, which characterize the relationships between cutting parameters – the main outputs of process planning - and energy consumption. The second involves energy-consumption optimization, which uses the prediction models to find the cutting parameters that minimize energy use. However, previous energy prediction models are limited to predict energy for tool paths coded in a Numerical Control (NC) program. Previous energy optimization methods typically do not use online optimization, which enables fast optimization decision-making for supporting on-demand process planning and real-time machine control. This …