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Inrecent decades, JapaneseMonkeys Mbcaca

. tiiscata havefrequentedmontane agri-communities throughout Japan (exceptHekkaido and Okinawa where no monkeys are naturally disnibated), and they havedarnagedcrops and sometimes iajuredresidents and tourists (WbrkingGroup ofMonkey Management and Conservation2000, Watanabe2000).[[hesephe-nomena may havebeentheresult ofrange expansion andlor range shiftof theanimals, forwhich various reasons havebeenproposed, such as: 1) 1arge-scale affbrestation with coniferous treesforwood pToduc-tionmay deprivemonkeys ofsuitable hahitatand force them from innerforeststo rural areas (Manomeand Maruyama 1978, Itoet al. 1993, Wada 1994, 1998, Watanabe 1994, 1995, 2000, Agetsuma 1998, Muroyama et al. 1999, Imaki2000), 2) monkeys in-creased and theirpopulationsoveirflowed from inner forestsunder predator-anct hunting-freeconditions (Research Groupon TakagoyamaMonkeys 1987, Mito 1995, Watanabe 1995, 2000, fakizawaet al. 1996,