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Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), which can be implemented using metasurface technology or reflect/ transmit antenna array technology, have garnered significant attention in research studies focused on both their technological aspects and potential applications. While various modeling approaches have been proposed—ranging from electromagnetic simulations and analytical integral formulations to simplified approaches based on scattering matrix theory—there remains a great need for efficient and electromagnetically consistent macroscopic models that can accurately simulate scattering from RISs, particularly for realistic simulations of RIS-based wireless networks. Building on previous work based on the characterization of the RIS through a surface impedance (or “spatial modulation”) function and a few parameters, in the present article we propose a fully ray-based approach for the computation of …