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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an invasive life support technique that requires a blood pump, an artificial membrane lung, and vascular cannulae to drain de-oxygenated blood, remove carbon dioxide, oxygenate, and return it to the patient. ECMO is generally used to provide advanced and prolonged cardiopulmonary support in patients with refractory acute cardiac and/or respiratory failure. After its first use in 1975 to manage a severe form of meconium aspiration syndrome with resultant pulmonary hypertension, the following years were dominated by the use of ECMO to manage neonatal respiratory failure and limited to a few centers across the world. In the 1990s, evidence for neonatal respiratory ECMO support increased; however, the number of cases began to decline with the use of newer pharmacologic therapies (e.g., inhaled nitric oxide, exogenous surfactant, and high-frequency …