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Numerous population samples from around the world have been tested for Y chromosome–specific p49a,f/TaqI restriction polymorphisms. Here we review the literature as well as unpublished data on Y-chromosome p49a,f/TaqI haplotypes and provide a new nomenclature unifying the notations used by different laboratories. We use this large data set to study worldwide genetic variability of human populations for this paternally transmitted chromosome segment. We observe, for the Y chromosome, an important level of population genetic structure among human populations (F_ST=.230, P<.001), mainly due to genetic differences among distinct linguistic groups of populations (F_CT=.246, P<.001). A multivariate analysis based on genetic distances between populations shows that human population structure inferred from the Y chromosome corresponds broadly to language families (r=.567, P<.001), in agreement with …