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Reduced anticancer efficacy of cyclophosphamide and platinum salts has been reported in animals treated with anti-Gram-positive antibiotics. These effects were related to translocation of Gram-positive bacteria during mucositis with subsequent induction of cytotoxic oxygen reactive species and tumor invasion by pathogenic Th17 cells. To assess these hypotheses in a clinical setting, we identified patients receiving cyclophosphamide for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and cisplatin for relapsed lymphoma. Data originated from the CLL8 trial (NCT00281918) and the Cologne Cohort of Neutropenic Patients (NCT01821456). Relevant antibiotics were defined as compounds with primary activity against Gram-positive bacteria. We evaluated their impact on response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) by Kaplan–Meier methodology and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Among …