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This article describes economic-mathematical model of building and analyzing the economic potential in a rational organization of economic activity for the respective business enterprise. In the article the mathematical model, allowing to demonstrate the complexity of concept “economic potential”, to show the necessity of its study in many other fields and at different levels, to build a system of indicators to assess the economic potential of an enterprise, that gives the possibility to analyze different aspects of the potential for the subject in its general and basic elements; to get methods for the determination of the system performance assessment of economic potential, based on the solution of the corresponding optimization problems; to identify some regularities of formation and correlation of quantitative estimates of the economic potentials of the system and its separate elements.