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Swarm intelligence is a branch of artificial intelligence that focuses on the actions of agents in self-organized systems. Researchers have proposed a bee colony optimization (BCO) algorithm as part of swarm intelligence. BCO is a meta-heuristic algorithm based on the foraging behavior of bees. This study presents a hybrid BCO algorithm for examination timetabling problems. Bees in the BCO algorithm perform two main actions: forward pass and backward pass. Each bee explores the search space in forward pass and then shares information with other bees in the hive in backward pass. This study found that a bee decides to be either a recruiter that searches for a food source or a follower that selects a recruiter bee to follow on the basis of roulette wheel selection. In forward pass, BCO is supported along with other local searches, including the Late Acceptance Hill Climbing and Simulated Annealing algorithms …