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The effect of atmospheric inputs on phytoplanktonic dynamics was investigated in the Mediterranean Sea during the season characterized by a stratified water column, low primary productivity, and low concentrations of nutrients ([nitrate] < 50 nmol L⁻¹; [phosphate] = 20 nmol L⁻¹; [silicate] = 0.7 µmol L⁻¹). We report here data obtained during microcosm enrichment experiments performed on the natural assemblage using different combinations of realistic additions (Saharan dust, Fe, Fe + phosphate, and anthropogenic particles). Saharan dust and Fe + phosphate treatments significantly stimulated primary production. Anthropogenic particles and Fe + phosphate treatments increased the chlorophyll a concentrations, enhancing mainly the small cells (pico‐ and nanophytoplankton). The autotrophic community structure was significantly altered; for example, Fe and Fe + phosphate additions benefited prokaryotic …