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A traditional metamodel for a discrete-event simulation approximates a real-valued performance measure as a function of the input-parameter values. We introduce a novel class of metamodels based on modular dynamic Bayesian networks (MDBNs), a subclass of probabilistic graphical models which can be used to efficiently answer a rich class of probabilistic and causal queries (PCQs). Such queries represent the joint probability distribution of the system state at multiple time points, given observations of, and interventions on, other state variables and input parameters. This paper is a first demonstration of how the extensive theory and technology of causal graphical models can be used to enhance simulation metamodeling. We demonstrate this potential by showing how a single MDBN for an M/M/1 queue can be learned from simulation data and then be used to quickly and accurately answer a variety of PCQs …