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Fire danger rating systems (FDRS) are a critical tool, used around the world to help predict and prevent wildfires. Forest and land fires are a severe problem in Indonesia, with smoke and haze production exacerbated by the country's extensive tropical peatlands, many of which are drained and burn almost annually. The Indonesian FDRS was established in 1999 under the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency, in partnership with other government agencies, and is largely based on atmospheric data. Indonesia's FDRS differentiates land types, including peatlands, but only predicts surface fire risk, rather than the risk of peatland surface fires becoming below-ground peat fire–which emit greater amounts of haze-producing smoke. This study proposes how Indonesia's FDRS might be further developed to include below-ground peat fire risk. This was achieved based on consultation with government …