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PM_2.5 in 14 of China's large cities achieves high concentrations in both winter and summer with averages >100 μg m⁻³ being common occurrences. A grand average of 115 μg m⁻³ was found for all cities, with a minimum of 27 μg m⁻³ measured at Qingdao during summer and a maximum of 356 μg m⁻³ at Xi'an during winter. Both primary and secondary PM_2.5 are important contributors at all of the cities and during both winter and summer. While ammonium sulfate is a large contributor during both seasons, ammonium nitrate contributions are much larger during winter. Lead levels are still high in several cities, reaching an average of 1.68 μg m⁻³ in Xi'an. High correlations of lead with arsenic and sulfate concentrations indicate that much of it derives from coal combustion, rather than leaded fuels, which were phased out by calendar year 2000. Although limited fugitive dust markers were available, scaling of iron …