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Paleontology, archeology, and art history provide crucial information for the understanding of human evolution throughout ages and its habits. Past animal and plant species are also studied by paleontology and archeology. Paleontology studies traces of life prior to the Holocene Epoch (11 700 BP). Archeology focuses on human activities and evolution from the stone age prehistoric period (3.5 million years BP). Art history studies art objects from their development to their stylistic contexts. In these different fields, proteins are key molecules. In paleontology, protein sequences from fossils of extinct species contribute to reveal evolutionary links. In archeology, bone proteins may offer information for physiological studies. In the case of archeological objects, the identification of proteins constitutive of an object (eg, textiles), detected on an object surface (eg, stone tools) or impregnated in an object (eg, ceramics …