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In long‐lived organisms, it is often difficult to determine which environmental factors will have the largest effects on population dynamics. In this study, I incorporated the results of short‐term experiments and observations into a demographic matrix model to determine the effects of both herbivory and pollen limitation on the dynamics of a declining population of the perennial herb Trillium grandiflorum. While pollen supplementation experiments in both 1999 and 2000 revealed that plants produce fewer seeds as a result of pollen limitation, this pollen limitation had almost no effect on the growth rate of the population. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) consumed nearly half of the reproductive plants in this population in 2000 and 2001. Herbivory causes reproductive and large nonreproductive plants to regress in stage and have lower fecundity. In the absence of herbivory, demographic projections suggest that …