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Thefts were staged 108 times for as many witnesses who were subsequently given a photo lineup for identifying the thief. The thefts were staged under conditions designed to yield low (33%), moderate (50%), or high (74%) proportions of correct identifications of the thief. Corroborating past research, the relationship between witnesses' identification accuracy and witnesses' confidence was negligible within conditions. There was no evidence that the confidence–accuracy relationship changed across conditions or that witness confidence changed across theft conditions. A representative sample of 48 witnesses (8 accurate-identification and 8 false-identification witnesses from each of the 3 theft conditions) was cross-examined. 96 undergraduates viewing the cross-examinations showed no ability to detect accurate-from false-identification witnesses within conditions as measured by Ss' belief of witnesses. Although …