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The formation of heterojunctions between wide- and narrow-bandgap photocatalysts is commonly employed to boost the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Herein, the photoactivity of urchin-like rutile particles is increased by decorating with pristine as well as Er- or Yb-doped Bi₂S₃ quantum dots (QDs) at varied QD loadings (1–20 wt%) and doping degrees (1–15 mol%), and the best hydrogen evolution performance is achieved at Er and Yb contents of 10 mol%. Specifically, a hydrogen productivity of 1576.7 μmol g_cat⁻¹ is achieved after 20-h irradiation for TiO₂ decorated by 10 mol% Yb-doped Bi₂S₃ QDs. Theoretical calculations show that the introduction of defects into the Bi₂S₃ lattice through Er/Yb doping promotes the creation of new energy levels and facilitates the transport of photogenerated charges during photocatalysis.