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The importance of graphene and its derivatives for “clean energy” applications became apparent over the last few years due to their exceptional characteristics, especially regarding electrical, thermal and chemical properties. In this review article we examine the recent progress and some of the challenges in the syntheses and modification of graphene-based materials, including energy storage applications as electrodes in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Various synthesis routes have been used for obtaining graphene using different kinds of carbon sources (graphite, non-graphitic carbon and carbon-containing materials). The most popular processing methods include epitaxial growth, liquid phase chemical/electrochemical exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition and laser-assisted synthesis. Taking the reduction approach, chemical, thermal, microwave and laser reduction methods have been …