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A method, label, and labeling system for labeling and authenticating an item are presented. At least one of a number of known nucleotide sequences associated with a predetermined amount of information is used as a label to be associated with an item. The label is then read with a reagentless sensor to detect the nucleotide sequence (s). The detected nucleotide sequence (s) is then associated with the appropriate information. The item is authenticated if the sensor detects the expected nucleotide sequence (s). The information in the DNA label may also be passed through a hash function or encrypted to further enhance security. The labels may also incorporate known non-natural nucleic acid analog sequences rather than nucleotide sequences, and a reader that reads known non-natural nucleic acid analog sequences may be employed.