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The need for broad-scale, long-term biodiversity monitoring to support evidence-based policy and management in the Australian rangelands is clear and pressing but, despite protracted discussion of this need, there has been little progress towards implementation. To prompt real progress, we propose a framework of spatially hierarchical and complementary components that together use a combination of direct and indirect measures of biodiversity and drivers: • Targeted monitoring; involving localised field-based monitoring of target species, addressing specific management questions. • Surveillance monitoring; involving broad-scale, field-based sampling of multi-taxa and a set of habitat and condition attributes. • Landscape-scale monitoring; providing regional to national-scale intelligence on habitat quality and trends in threats to or drivers of biodiversity, with data obtained using systematic ground-based and …