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The paper summarizes the recent achievements in the area of ultrafast fiber lasers mode-locked with so-called low-dimensional nanomaterials: graphene, topological insulators (Bi_2Te_3, Bi_2Se_3, Sb_2Te_3), and transition metal sulfide semiconductors, like molybdenum disulfide (MoS_2). The most important experimental achievements are described and compared. Additionally, new original results on ultrashort pulse generation at 1.94 μm wavelength using graphene are presented. The designed Tm-doped fiber laser utilizes multilayer graphene as a saturable absorber and generates 654 fs pulses at 1940 nm wavelength, which are currently the shortest pulses generated from a Tm-doped fiber laser with a graphene-based saturable absorber.