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Human beings have a fundamental need to belong, a need for close and caring relationships. Experiences that threaten belonging should thus lead to an array of negative health consequences and also coordinated behavioral attempts to re-establish belonging. In this chapter, we discuss our work demonstrating that people experiencing threats to belonging are at risk for pain, depression, fatigue, cognitive problems, and acute illness symptoms. We also demonstrate that immune, appetite, and HPA-axis dysregulation may be 3 peripheral physiological mechanisms linking threats to belonging and health. Finally, we examine the impacts that belonging threats have on antisocial and prosocial behavior and review the bi-dimensional rejection taxonomy we developed to better understand these social responses.