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Genetic Algorithm (GA) is one of the most well-regarded evolutionary algorithms in the history. This algorithm mimics Darwinian theory of survival of the fittest in nature. This chapter presents the most fundamental concepts, operators, and mathematical models of this algorithm. The most popular improvements in the main component of this algorithm (selection, crossover, and mutation) are given too. The chapter also investigates the application of this technique in the field of image processing. In fact, the GA algorithm is employed to reconstruct a binary image from a completely random image.