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656 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENCE operations. This challenge has no clear solution. As experts at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) put it,‘‘the nature of intelligence is such that the balance between secrecy and democracy will always be a delicate one to strike.’’1 In well-established democracies, policymakers have developed mechanisms to tackle the ‘‘democracy–intelligence’’dilemma, yet these mechanisms are relentlessly being revised and reworked. In new democracies, however, decisionmakers must create these mechanisms from ground zero, and do not always succeed in balancing effectiveness with transparency. In those that do succeed, decisionmakers face numerous challenges, yet they may, after long and protracted endeavors, eventually manage to accommodate effectiveness and transparency. Both interest and willingness (whether self …