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The research also sought to determine the extent to which school-based management was established in individual schools, as well as its role in disorder and violence reductions. In addition, the research examined the extent to which efforts aimed at increasing local autonomy within schools also changed the attitudes within schools. Findings indicated that high levels of disorder at middle schools negatively affected academic achievement and that programs to increase school safety and security are likely to have positive effects on student achievement. The schools with the largest student populations were likely to experience many more difficulties in maintaining order than were smaller schools. In addition, the basic principles of school-based management were helpful for promoting the development of school climate, but school-based management is only one of many strategies for improving school climate and …