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Putting Nitrogen Fixation to Work for Smallholder Farmers in Africa (N2Africa–www. n2africa. org) is a large-scale project focused on increasing the production of grain legumes and the inputs from N2-fixation in smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. We focus on four major grain legumes: common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and also on legume forages. The project works with many partners in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda and Zimbabwe, and has recently expanded activities in Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Building on the results of previous research conducted across many countries, a multi-pronged approach is used to: