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✓ In Malawi, the most feasible approach to building SOM is through cycling low and high quality crop residues. Livestock populations are low, while an important resource elsewhere, animal manure is in insufficient quantities to make a significant impact on farms.✓ Residues from grain legumes can be used to optimize fertilizer responses of maize, improve soil health and food security across diverse agro-ecologies. Burning of crop residues as part of land preparation is practice that must be discouraged