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Environmental sustainability is seldom, if ever, the main goal of urban development. Other goals, such as improving local economic performance or social equity are often just as high, if not higher, on the political agenda. This means that in order to give environmental sustainability in urban development a chance, it needs to be combined with other objectives. A crucial question in this respect is how to combine economic and environmental objectives. This chapter addresses this issue by first considering the available evidence on the relationship between urban form and economic performance on one hand, and urban form and environmental sustainability on the other. In both cases the focus is on transport and land use features of cities. In the second part of the chapter a conceptual framework is introduced to help develop transport and land use policies that build upon this evidence. The main idea is that of the …