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Unlike most computer vision approaches, which depend on hundreds or thousands of training images, humans can typically learn from a single visual example. Humans achieve this ability using background knowledge. Rule-based machine learning approaches such as Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) provide a framework for incorporating domain specific background knowledge. These approaches have the potential for human-like learning from small data or even one-shot learning, i.e. learning from a single positive example. By contrast, statistics based computer vision algorithms, including Deep Learning, have no general mechanisms for incorporating background knowledge. This paper presents an approach for one-shot rule learning called One-Shot Hypothesis Derivation (OSHD) based on using a logic program declarative bias. We apply this approach to two challenging human-like computer vision tasks …