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Methods: We utilized biological samples obtained from a cohort study where 71 healthy adults (mean 53.4 y) were longitudinally followed every quarter for one year. At each visit, participants completed dietary assessments using food records. They also provided blood and stool samples for plasma metabolomics and gut microbiome analyses using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively. Furthermore, the insulin suppression test determined the insulin resistance status of the participants.

Results: We found that 22 nutrients, including total fiber and soluble fiber, significantly changed over the study period and/or differed between IS and IR individuals (p< 0.05). Notably, our correlation analysis showed fewer and weaker associations between longitudinal changes in nutrients and metabolites in participants with IR than those with IS (q< 0.05). The pathway …