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Methods: Here, we incorporated real-life continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to evaluate the personal responses to 7 different carbohydrate foods (each 50 grams of carbohydrate) and 3 different nutrients (fat, protein, and fiber) that tend to mitigate glycemic spikes in 50 participants (25 with prediabetes and 25 with normoglycemic levels). We built a computational workflow to extract 20 different metrics (eg peak height and time to peak) related to metabolic functions, subtype participants according to their relative response to different foods, and uncover physiological and pathological associations in multi-omics.

Results: We found that the average glycemic response depends on carbohydrate types and fiber contents. Worst metabolic control (eg, IR) is also significantly associated with higher glycemic spikes. In addition, we discovered different CarbResponders, that different groups of people have different relative …