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We demonstrate that a collaborative relationship between the operating system and applications can be used to meet user-specified goals for battery duration. We first describe a novel profiling-based approach for accurately measuring application and system energy consumption. We then show how applications can dynamically modify their behavior to conserve energy. We extend the Linux operating system to yield battery lifetimes of user-specified duration. By monitoring energy supply and demand and by maintaining a history of application energy use, the approach can dynamically balance energy conservation and application quality. Our evaluation shows that this approach can meet goals that extend battery life by as much as 30%.