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With the heightened interest in global environmental change, paleolimnological approaches are being used increasingly to track ecosystem change. Aquatic sediments represent natural archives of past environmental and ecological changes, preserving a wide variety of indicators that can be used to determine how a water body, its watershed, and/or its airshed have changed over hundreds to thousands of years. Once appropriate study sites are identified, a variety of corers are available to retrieve sediment profiles that span the time period of interest. A sediment chronology is then typically established, often using radiochronological methods, but these may be complemented with other approaches. Analyses of physical, chemical, and/or biological proxy data are then used to reconstruct environmental histories. In this chapter we summarize many different approaches, including those that have been used for …