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Smallholder farmers often face challenges in managing soil fertility due to limited inputs and high spatial variability on their farms. In many places, soil fertility, and overall soil health, is on the decline, and management of organic nutrient sources (ONS) can play a vital role in sustaining the productivity of soils. However, in mixed smallholder crop-livestock systems there is often competition for crop residues between retaining residues within fields versus feeding them to livestock. Understanding how ONS produced on-farm are managed, and the flows and drivers of this essential resource is critical for the restoration and sustainable management of soil fertility and health in smallholder agroecosystems.