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Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative diseases occurring in humans and animals with an invariably lethal outcome. One fundamental mechanistic event in prion diseases is the aggregation of aberrantly folded prion protein into large amyloid plaques and fibrous structures associated with neurodegeneration. The cellular prion protein (PrP^C) is absolutely required for disease development, and prion knockout mice are not susceptible to prion disease. Prions accumulate not only in the central nervous system but also in lymphoid organs, as shown for new variant and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob patients and for some animals. To date it is largely accepted that prions consist primarily of PrP^Sc, a misfolded and aggregated β-sheet-rich isoform of PrP^C. However, PrP^Sc may or may not be completely congruent with the infectious moiety. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms leading to …