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Changes in vocal behaviour observed in temperate songbirds have been linked to changes in photoperiod. Research has focused on the fluctuation of hormones that lead to photosensitivity, photostimulation and photorefractoriness, as well as the ‘dawn chorus’ observed in numerous species. However, photoperiod in the natural environment is a complex event that occurs as seasons change. To determine the natural relationships between photoperiod and vocal behaviour we sampled vocal production of black-capped chickadees for three major vocal classes over one year at dawn, meridian and sunset. Fee-bee song production increased twice, once in the winter and once in the spring, and occurred almost exclusively at dawn. Chick-a-dee call production was highest in autumn and winter generally at the meridian. Gargle production did not differ significantly by season; however, the most gargle production …