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In 2012 and 2013, four Australian national sporting organizations (" NSO's")-the Australian Football League, the Australian Rugby League Commission Limited, BA Limited (Basketball Australia) and Football Federation Australia Limited-were also the national league competition organizer (" NLCO") for their sport. All four NSO's are not-for-profit companies. We apply the model of optimal voting rules proposed by James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock to the actual voting rules adopted by the NSO's. This model focuses on the minimization of costs associated with voting. We find that the NSO voting rules largely conform to the model although there are exceptions. In particular," constitutional issues"(amendment of the NSO's constitution and company wind up) require the approval of a greater propor-