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The Asiatic black bear is a mammal from the order Carnivora and the family Ursidae (see also Chapter 1). The type locality is from the Sylhet region, presently divided between Assam in India and Bangladesh. In the past, this species was included in the genus Selenarctos (meaning moon bear). The tooth morphology of the Asiatic black bear is most closely related to U. minimus, which appeared about 5–6 million years ago and is the first identifiable representative of the ursine bears (Garshelis 2009). Evidence from the fossil records, morphology, and mitochondrial phylogeny suggests a closer relationship between the Asiatic black bear and the American black bear U. americanus (Krause et al. 2008; Wu et al. 2015). On the other hand, autosomal and Y-chromosomal sequences support a grouping with the American black bear, being sister group to the brown bear U. arctos and polar bear U. maritimus clade (Bidon …