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There are a variety of methods for synthesizing or fabricating one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures containing heterojunctions between different materials. Here we review recent developments in the synthesis and fabrication of heterojunctions formed between different materials within the same 1D nanostructure or between different 1D nanostructures composed of different materials. Structures containing 1D nanoscale heterojunctions exhibit interesting chemistry as well as size, shape, and material‐dependent properties that are unique when compared to single‐component materials. This leads to new or enhanced properties or multifunctionality useful for a variety of applications in electronics, photonics, catalysis, and sensing, for example. This review separates the methods into vapor‐phase synthesis, solution‐phase synthesis, template‐based synthesis, and other approaches, such as lithography …