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A key principle of sociology is that the lives of individuals cannot be understood without considering the social contexts in which the individuals live. Sociology is both a science and humanistic discipline that examines explanations based on structure, culture, discourse, and action dimensions in order to understand and interpret human behavior, beliefs, and expectations. This chapter will therefore examine the social contexts for, and different interpretations of, expertise, particularly within the context of professional work, science, and politics. From a psychological point of view, expertise may be studied without respect to social contexts (Feltovich, Prietula, & Ericsson, Chapter 4). In contrast to this, sociology concerns itself with contextual conditions of the development of expertise and its functions in modern societies. From a sociological point of view, expertise and experts are relational notions: to be an expert always means to be an expert in contrast to nonexperts, that is, to laypersons (see also Mieg, Chapter 41). The dichotomy between experts and laypersons often implies not only a gradient of expertise, but also gradients in other social dimensions, such as prestige, privileges, and power. Sociological propositions about experts and expertise generally refer to this dichotomy. Section One of this chapter deals with professions as the main form of an institutionalization of expertise in industrialized countries, the most prominent being lawyers and the medical profession. As we will see, professions can be analyzed as a generic group of occupations based on knowledge and expertise, both technical and tacit. Professions are essentially the …