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In this paper, we study the precise complexity of XPath 1.0 query processing. Even though heavily used by its incorporation into a variety of XML-related standards, the precise cost of evaluating an XPath query is not yet wellunderstood. The first polynomial-time algorithm for XPath processing (with respect to combined complexity) was proposed only recently, and even to this day all major XPath engines take time exponential in the size of the input queries. From the standpoint of theory, the precise complexity of XPath query evaluation is open, and it is thus unknown whether the query evaluation problem can be parallelized.In this work, we show that both the data complexity and the query complexity of XPath 1.0 fall into lower (highly parallelizable) complexity classes, but that the combined complexity is PTIME-hard. Subsequently, we study the sources of this hardness and identify a large and practically important …