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Micronutrient deficiencies account for an estimated one million premature deaths annually, and for some nations can reduce gross domestic product^, by up to 11%, highlighting the need for food policies that focus on improving nutrition rather than simply increasing the volume of food produced. People gain nutrients from a varied diet, although fish—which are a rich source of bioavailable micronutrients that are essential to human health—are often overlooked. A lack of understanding of the nutrient composition of most fish and how nutrient yields vary among fisheries has hindered the policy shifts that are needed to effectively harness the potential of fisheries for food and nutrition security. Here, using the concentration of 7 nutrients in more than 350 species of marine fish, we estimate how environmental and ecological traits predict nutrient content of marine finfish species. We use this predictive model to quantify the …