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During the hot working of metallic materials, hardening caused by the accumulation of dislocations and softening due to dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occur simultaneously. 1) In particular, for metals with low to medium stacking fault energy, DRX is marked and the characteristic stress–strain curves are observed to depend on the temperature, strain rate and initial grain size. 2, 3) Single–peak curves occur at a low temperature and high strain rate and multiple–peak curves occur at a high temperature and low strain rate. It is well–known that such characteristic mechanical behavior is strongly related to the microstructure evolution, or the nucleation and growth of DRX grains. Therefore, for the optimum design of the working process and the accurate prediction of material microstructures formed during hot working, it is essential to develop a numerical model that can be used to investigate the macroscopic mechanical behavior resulting from the microstructure evolution. However, since the modeling of DRX requires a simulation that couples the mechanical behaviors and the microstructure evolution, the number of reported numerical studies on DRX is much fewer than that for static recrystallization (SRX) occurring during post–deformation annealing. 4–11)

The cellular automaton (CA) method12–18) and Monte Carlo (MC) method19, 20) have been employed to simulate microstructure evolution during the DRX process. Because of its methodological flexibility, the CA method is used more frequently than the MC method. Ding and Guo13) developed a model that simulates the microstructural evolution and plastic flow …