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This chapter presents evidence concerning young people's engagement with the rural economy in Africa, and uses this evidence to ask whether young people are indeed leaving agriculture en masse, and if so, what they are doing instead. The focus is on broad patterns of engagement, and how these are affected by gender, age and other markers of social difference. The discussion is framed by established debates around the emergence and importance of the rural non-farm economy (RNFE), linkages between farm and non-farm activities, and the changing nature of rural livelihoods - all set against a backdrop of structural transformation.