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Community detection in complex networks has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Communities play special roles in the structure–function relationship. Therefore, detecting communities (or modules) can be a way to identify substructures that could correspond to important functions. Community detection can be viewed as an optimization problem in which an objective function that captures the intuition of a community as a group of nodes with better internal connectivity than external connectivity is chosen to be optimized. Many single-objective optimization techniques have been used to solve the detection problem. However, those approaches have drawbacks because they attempt to optimize only one objective function, this results in a solution with a particular community structure property. More recently, researchers have viewed the community detection problem as a multi-objective optimization …