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Background

Effective policy instruments and their implementation are needed to stop further deforestation and degradation of tropical forests. Single instruments can only be successful if accepted by individual actors with their differing interests. The focus of previous studies has been more on individual instruments and less on their interactions and combinations. In a new study, 108 stakeholders in Ecuador, the Philippines and Zambia were interviewed about their perceptions of single policy instruments. Possible combinations of instruments were evaluated using principal component analysis. Power relations between the respondents were examined using social network analysis.