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We are grateful to Simon Lester for responding to our piece,‘A Pragmatic Approach to Carbon Border Measures’ and its companion policy proposal,‘A Green Steel Deal: Towards a Pro-Jobs, Pro-Climate Transatlantic Cooperation on Carbon Border Measures.’We are heartened to find ourselves broadly in agreement with Lester on the need for WTO rules to offer states greater flexibility to pursue legitimate policy objectives. This agreement is part of a broadening consensus that the WTO Appellate Body interpreted the combination of nondiscrimination rules and exceptions in a narrow and technical fashion that ultimately has made it difficult for governments to comply with their WTO commitments while simultaneously addressing existential threats like climate change. People who hold this general view may differ on how to solve this problem. Our view is that the Appellate Body interpreted the element of ‘likeness’ in …