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Carbon foams are reviewed by focusing on their preparation and application. Their preparation processes are discussed by classifying them into five categories: blowing and carbonization, template carbonization, compression of exfoliated graphite, assembly of graphene nanosheets and others. Through these processes, density of the foam, sizes of cells and windows, as well as physical properties, are successfully controlled. Carbon foams are expected to give certain contributions to modern technology as containers for active materials for thermal energy storage, electrodes of electrochemical devices and electric energy storage, adsorbents for large molecules, and others including microwave absorption.