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Lithium-ion battery aging mechanism analysis and health prognostics are of great significance for a smart battery management system to ensure safe and optimal use of the battery system. This paper provides a comprehensive review of aging mechanisms and the state-of-the-art health prognostic methods and summarizes the main challenges and research prospects for battery health prognostics. First, the complex relationships among aging mechanisms, aging modes, influencing factors, and aging types are reviewed and summarized. Then, the battery health prognostic methods are divided according to different time scales and objectives, which include the short-term state of health estimation, long-term end-of-life prediction, and degradation trajectory prediction, followed by a detailed review of each prognostic task and method. For consistency, we first provide a clear and concise description of each method …